Honey Springs, Oklahoma: Historical Archaeology of a Civil War Battlefield

The sectional conflict between North and South was different in Indian Territory (now the state of Oklahoma). There, the Civil War was only a veneer over the competition among the United States, the Confederacy, and sovereign Indian Nations known as the Five Civilized Tribes whose citizens, in turn, had multiple motives that drove divided loyalties.

Historians have long recognized the Battle of Honey Springs on July 17, 1863, for its unusual makeup of Black, Indian, and White combatants an...