Marine Organisms as Indicators

The need for a volume dealing with the concept of indicator organisms became evident during a symposium on the subject, organized by the present editors for the Southern California Academy of Sciences. Ques­ tions were posed about the appropriate uses of indicator organisms and the "rules" governing the application of the indicator concept to particular problems. For example, how does one distinguish true indicators from biological anomalies? What kinds of organisms can appropriately be ass...