Representing Beasts in Early Medieval England and Scandinavia

Essays on the depiction of animals, birds and insects in early medieval material culture, from texts to carvings to the landscape itself.

For people in the early Middle Ages, the earth, air, water and ether teemed with other beings. Some of these were sentient creatures that swam, flew, slithered or stalked through the same environments inhabited by their human contemporaries. Others were objects that a modern beholder would be unlikely to think of as living things, but could yet be consider...