RUNNING THE AMERICAN GUANTLET: "PURPOSEFUL" CITZENSHIP DISENFRANCHISEMENT: A CULTURAL CRUCIBLE:

The story of African Americans' quest for full citizenship is, in many ways, the story of the United States itself—its promises, its contradictions, its aspirations, and its failures. Long after the Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom, long after the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments enshrined citizenship and voting rights into the Constitution, and long after the nation congratulated itself on the victories of the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans have continue...