The Kyoto Protocol in the EU: European Community and Member States under International and European Law

The participation of the European Community and the Member States in the international climate change regimes is a complex issue. In the case of the Kyoto Prool, this is rendered more complicated by the fact that for the purposes of Article 4 of the Kyoto Prool, the membership of the European Community and Member States is frozen at a particular point in time.

The result of this is that under International Law the European Community and a part of the Member States (EU15) have agreed to j...