The Neural Mind: How Brains Think
Offers an expansive, unified theory of thought that brings together the vast resources of neuroscience, computation, and cognitive linguistics.

What is an idea, and where does it come from? We experience thought as if it were abstract, but every thought is actually a physical thing, carried out by the neural systems of our brains. Thought does not occur neuron-by-neuron; it happens when neurons come together to form circuits and when simple circuits combine to form complex ones. Thoughts, then, derive their structures from the circuitry we also use for vision, touch, and hearing. This circuitry is what allows simple thoughts to come together into complex concepts, making meaning, creating metaphors, and framing our social and political ideas.

With The Neural Mind, George Lakoff, a pioneering cognitive linguist, and computer scientist Srini Narayanan deftly combine insights from cognitive science, computational modeling, and linguistics to show how thoughts arise from the neural circuitry that runs throughout our bodies. They answer key questions about the ways we make meaning: How does neural circuitry create the conceptual “frames” through which we understand our social lives? What kind of neural circuitry characterizes metaphorical thought, in which ideas are understood in terms of other ideas with similar structures? Lively and accessible, the book shows convincingly that the “metaphors we live by”—to use Lakoff’s famous phrase—aren’t abstractions but deeply embodied neural constructs.

The Neural Mind is the first book of its kind, bringing together the ideas of multiple disciplines to offer a unified, accessible theory of thought. A field-defining work, Lakoff and Narayanan’s book will be of interest not just to linguists and cognitive scientists but also to psychologists, philosophers, anthropologists, journalists, sociologists, and political scientists—and anyone who wants to understand how we really think.
1146152865
The Neural Mind: How Brains Think
Offers an expansive, unified theory of thought that brings together the vast resources of neuroscience, computation, and cognitive linguistics.

What is an idea, and where does it come from? We experience thought as if it were abstract, but every thought is actually a physical thing, carried out by the neural systems of our brains. Thought does not occur neuron-by-neuron; it happens when neurons come together to form circuits and when simple circuits combine to form complex ones. Thoughts, then, derive their structures from the circuitry we also use for vision, touch, and hearing. This circuitry is what allows simple thoughts to come together into complex concepts, making meaning, creating metaphors, and framing our social and political ideas.

With The Neural Mind, George Lakoff, a pioneering cognitive linguist, and computer scientist Srini Narayanan deftly combine insights from cognitive science, computational modeling, and linguistics to show how thoughts arise from the neural circuitry that runs throughout our bodies. They answer key questions about the ways we make meaning: How does neural circuitry create the conceptual “frames” through which we understand our social lives? What kind of neural circuitry characterizes metaphorical thought, in which ideas are understood in terms of other ideas with similar structures? Lively and accessible, the book shows convincingly that the “metaphors we live by”—to use Lakoff’s famous phrase—aren’t abstractions but deeply embodied neural constructs.

The Neural Mind is the first book of its kind, bringing together the ideas of multiple disciplines to offer a unified, accessible theory of thought. A field-defining work, Lakoff and Narayanan’s book will be of interest not just to linguists and cognitive scientists but also to psychologists, philosophers, anthropologists, journalists, sociologists, and political scientists—and anyone who wants to understand how we really think.
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The Neural Mind: How Brains Think

The Neural Mind: How Brains Think

The Neural Mind: How Brains Think

The Neural Mind: How Brains Think

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Overview

Offers an expansive, unified theory of thought that brings together the vast resources of neuroscience, computation, and cognitive linguistics.

What is an idea, and where does it come from? We experience thought as if it were abstract, but every thought is actually a physical thing, carried out by the neural systems of our brains. Thought does not occur neuron-by-neuron; it happens when neurons come together to form circuits and when simple circuits combine to form complex ones. Thoughts, then, derive their structures from the circuitry we also use for vision, touch, and hearing. This circuitry is what allows simple thoughts to come together into complex concepts, making meaning, creating metaphors, and framing our social and political ideas.

With The Neural Mind, George Lakoff, a pioneering cognitive linguist, and computer scientist Srini Narayanan deftly combine insights from cognitive science, computational modeling, and linguistics to show how thoughts arise from the neural circuitry that runs throughout our bodies. They answer key questions about the ways we make meaning: How does neural circuitry create the conceptual “frames” through which we understand our social lives? What kind of neural circuitry characterizes metaphorical thought, in which ideas are understood in terms of other ideas with similar structures? Lively and accessible, the book shows convincingly that the “metaphors we live by”—to use Lakoff’s famous phrase—aren’t abstractions but deeply embodied neural constructs.

The Neural Mind is the first book of its kind, bringing together the ideas of multiple disciplines to offer a unified, accessible theory of thought. A field-defining work, Lakoff and Narayanan’s book will be of interest not just to linguists and cognitive scientists but also to psychologists, philosophers, anthropologists, journalists, sociologists, and political scientists—and anyone who wants to understand how we really think.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780226835891
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Publication date: 06/24/2025
Sold by: Barnes & Noble
Format: eBook
Pages: 384
File size: 1 MB

About the Author

George Lakoff is professor emeritus of cognitive science and linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author or coauthor of numerous books, including Metaphors We Live By, also published by the University of Chicago Press. Srini Narayanan is distinguished scientist and senior research director at Google DeepMind, Zurich, where he leads a research group on machine learning and natural language processing. Until 2014, he was director of the International Computer Science Institute, a core faculty member in the Cognitive Science Program, and a faculty member at the Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, all at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was also a cofounder of the Berkeley Neural Theory of Language group.

Table of Contents

Preface


Chapter 1: What It Takes to Create Human Thought

The Creation of Perception: Color

What Are Ideas?

The Brain’s Tool Kit

The Body Is Neural

Dual Models

Generalizations

Functional Generalization

Cascades

Convergence-Divergence Zones

Explaining Basic-Level Concepts

Sound Symbolism

Creating Perception: Seeing, Feeling, and Hearing

The Takeaways

Chapter 2: How Thought Works

From Motor Control to Thought

The Big Surprise: Aspect Is Motor Control

Image Schemas: Starting with Kant

On Schemas

Schema Embodiment

Thinking with Schemas

Frames 00

The 2,500-Year-Old Theory

Conceptual Metaphor

Scales and Their Logic

Primary Embodied Metaphor

Metaphor and Neuroscience

Conceptual Integration and Consciousness

Categories

The Takeaways

Chapter 3: The Neural Mechanisms of Thought

Scope and Challenges

Neural Firing: The Basic Steps

What Is Structured Neural Computational Modeling?

Basic Circuit Types

Coordination and Cascades: Evidence from Behavior Control

Combinatorial Circuits

Multiple Mapping Circuits

Control and Coordination Circuits

Integrative Circuits and Simulation

Simulation in Language and Thought

The Takeaways

Applying the Neural Theory

Chapter 4: Neural Language

Thinking Neurally about Language

Basic Circuit Types in Grammar

The Scope and Power of Ideas in Grammar Due to Circuits for Ideas

Embedding and Composition

The Coordination of Multiple Circuits in Grammar

Lexicon and Grammar

There Is No Natural Language without Meaning

Early Intimations of Integration in Grammar

Case Study 1: One-Anaphora

Case Study 2: Cascades of Metaphors

Case Study 3: Looking Over without Overlooking

Language Types and Embodiment

The Two-Type Language Contrast

How Ideas Spread

Neural Phonology

The Takeaways

Afterword: The Neural Mind versus Deep Learning AI


Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Bibliography

Index

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