The Red Years: European Socialism versus Bolshevism 1919-1921

The Red Years: European Socialism versus Bolshevism, 1919–1921 traces the turbulent aftermath of World War I, when socialist movements across Europe confronted the challenge—and temptation—posed by the Bolshevik Revolution. In the biennio rosso, the “two red years” between 1919 and 1921, revolutions, strikes, factory occupations, and general uprisings shook Germany, France, Italy, and beyond. At the same time, socialist parties long rooted in parliamentary traditions faced Lenin’s new model...