Violent Interests: Capitalism and Social Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean

Between the 1830s and 1930s, companies established by Beirut-based businessmen emerged among the largest shareholders in major British manufacturing and trading companies. These companies transformed from small family partnerships to large shareholder corporations that wielded significant influence across the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe. People, capital, and ideas flowed from Beirut to Haifa, Alexandria, Liverpool, and London. In so doing, collaboration and competition across companies...