Table of Contents
Acknowledgements and Dedication xiii Introduction xv Chapter 1 The World’s Abortion Laws 1 1.Introduction 1 2.Recognition of Unequal Barriers to Access 2 1.The United Nations and Abortion 4 2.Northern Europe 5 3.Southern Europe 12 4.Western Europe 16 5.Eastern Europe 19 6.Western Asia 25 7.South-Central Asia 32 8.Eastern Asia 37 9.Southeast Asia 40 10.Southern Africa 43 11.Northern Africa 47 12.Oceania 52 13.Central America 60 14.South America 66 3.Conclusion 74 Chapter 2 Abortion Law in the United States 77 1.Introduction 77 2.Abortion Pre-Roe 78 3.Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton: 1973 80 4.Evolution of Supreme Court Law from Roe to Whole Woman’s Health: The March to the “Undue Burden” Standard for Review 82 Planned Parenthood v. Casey 84 5.Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt, 136 S. Ct. 2292 (2016) 87 6.The “Partial Birth” Cases 88 1.Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000) 89 2.Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007) 90 7.Current Approaches to Anti-Abortion Legislation 92 8.Who Pays for an Abortion? 93 9.Why the Violent Reaction? 94 10.Other Supreme Court Activity 95 11.What Do We Know about Abortion? 96 12.State Activities 97 13.Where Do These State Laws Come From? 99 14.What Are Some Current Controversies and Litigation? 100 1.Federal Activity 100 2.State Activity 100 15.State TRAP Laws in the Courts 108 1.Recent State Activity and Status: Data from the Guttmacher Institute 109 2.Some Specific State Information 109 Criminal Prosecution of Pregnant Women 111 18.How to Reduce Abortions 113 19.Conscience Clause Legislation 114 20.The Future 115 21.Conclusion 118 Chapter 3 Abortion Law in Canada 121 1.The History of Abortion in Canada before 1968 122 2.The 1968 Amendments to the Criminal Code 124 3.The Morgentaler Cases 127 1.Morgentaler (1975) 129 2.Morgentaler (1988) 134 3.The Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada 138 4.The Aftermath of Morgentaler 147 1.Political Activity Surrounding Abortion 147 2.Access to Abortion 149 3.The Legal Status of the Unborn 155 Conclusion 166 Appendix A-I Sections of the Criminal Code of Canada Relating to Abortion as They Existed up to January 1988 168 Appendix A-II Bill C-43, An Act Respecting Abortion (2nd Session, 34th Parliament 38 Elizabeth 11, 1989) 171 Chapter 4 Amicus Curiae Brief in Whole Woman’s Health 173 Interest of Amici 173 Summary of Argument 174 Argument 175 1.Meaningful, Safe, and Legal Access to Abortion Is a Fundamental, Constitutionally Protected Right 175 2.Amici ’s Reflections on the Effects of Their Abortions on Their Careers and Lives 177 Conclusion 189 Chapter 5 Politics, Religion, and Abortion in the United States 191 Chapter 6 Women’s Knowledge of Abortifacients from Antiquity to the Present 207 1.Meaning of Pregnancy in Antiquity and Medieval Periods 209 2.The Hippocratic Oath on Abortion 211 3.Summary of Ancient and Medieval Views 213 4.Some Abortifacient Herbs 213 1.Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) 214 2.Ecballium elaterium L. A. Rich 215 3.Silphium (Ferula antiqua) 216 4.Birthwort (Aristolochia spp.) 217 5.Juniper (also known in England as savin) (Juniperus communis L.) 218 6.Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) 219 7.Other Birth Control Plants 221 Roman Empire 222 6.From the Middle Ages to 1900 222 7.Poisons and Witches 224 8.Science and the Fetus 225 9.Drug-Induced Abortion and the Law 226 10.The Birth of St. Germanus, Bishop of Paris (Germain d’Autun) 228 Chapter 7 A Future from the Past: Self-Managed Abortion with Ancient Care and Modern Medicines 231 1.What Is Self-Managed Abortion? 232 1.Defining Self-Managed Abortion 232 2.What Are Abortion Pills? 248 2.The Legal Landscape of Self-Managed Abortion 254 1.Background: A Brief History of Criminalizing Abortion in the United States 254 2.Contemporary Criminalization of SMA 259 SMA during the Pandemic and Beyond 269 1.Pre-Pandemic Success Stories: A Multi-Pronged Approach 269 2.Pandemic-era Success Stories 274 3.SMA in a Post-Pandemic (and Possibly Post-Roe) America 278 Conclusion 280 Chapter 8 Rebecca Gomperts: Providing Abortion Care to Women Around the World 283 Chapter 9 What Lawyers Need to Know about the Reproductive Justice Framework 309 1.Introduction 309 2.The Reproductive Justice Framework Responded to the Inadequacy of the Reproductive Rights Framework in Addressing Reproductive Oppression 310 1.Defining “Reproductive Oppression” 311 2.The Reproductive Rights Movement in the U.S. Was Focused Primarily on Legal Access to Abortion and Contraception and Did Not Address the Unique Concerns of Women of Color 312 3.Reproductive Rights Are Grounded in the Right to Privacy, Which Fails to Guarantee Everyone the Ability to Make Meaningful Reproductive Choices 317 3.Reproductive Justice: Applying Human Rights Principles to Actualize Reproductive Rights and Health 318 1.Reproductive Justice Considers How Access to Other Social Rights Impacts Reproductive Decision Making 319 2.Reproductive Justice Promotes Positive Rights; the Affirmative Duty of the State to Help Individuals Actualize Rights 320 4.What Reproductive Justice Looks Like in Practice: Acting Locally, Thinking Intersectionally 321 1.RJ Every Day: Identifying and Addressing Structural Inequality and Barriers to Reproductive Choices 321 2.Thinking Intersectionally and Practicing Anti-Racism 322 Conclusion 323 Chapter 10 Modern Day Inquisitions 325 1.Introduction 325 2.Taking Stock 327 1.Gender Identities 328 2.Freedom from Violence 329 3.Reproductive Dignity and Equality 331 3.Lessons Learned 335 1.Redefining Religious Space 335 2.Technology as Transformation 338 3.The Constitutive Role of the Law 341 4.Challenges Ahead 342 1.Protection of Life Provisions 343 2.Health Disparities 349 3.Networks 353 Chapter 11 Harmful Anti-Sex-Selective Abortion Laws Are Sweeping U.S. State Legislatures: Why Do Some Pro-Choice People Support Them? 357 1.The Genesis and Justifications for Sex-Selective Abortion Bans 359 2.The Bans Impact Every Woman’s Right to Choose 361 3.Some Pro-Choice Legislators Support the Harmful Abortion Restrictions 362 4.Misinterpretations of Demographic Data about Asian Americans 364 5.Stereotypes about Asians and Asian Americans 369 6.Beyond “Son Preference” 371 7.Sex-Selective Abortion Statutes and the U.S. Supreme Court 375 8.Conclusion 381 Chapter 12 How Sentience Should Mediate the Right to Abortion 383 1.Why the Method of Abortion Doesn’t Matter 384 2.Why the Reason for the Abortion Doesn’t Matter 387 3.Sentience 391 4.The Law Post-Sentience 392 5.The Other Side 394 6.Coda: Implications for Animal Rights 395 Chapter 13 Conscientious Commitment to Women’s Health 399 1.Introduction 399 2.Historical Conscientious Commitment 400 3.Modern Conscientious Commitment 403 4.Conclusion 409 Chapter 14 The Bad Mother: Stigma, Abortion and Surrogacy 411 Introduction 411 1.Good Mother/Bad Mother 412 2.Stigma and Stereotyping 415 3.Surrogacy and Stigma 417 4.Abortion and Stigma 422 5.Gender Stereotypes in the Regulation of Abortion and Surrogacy 426 1.Distrust of Judgment 427 2.Expectation of Regret 428 3.Protection of Women 429 Stigma and the Court 430 7.Stigma and Laws Regulating Abortion and Surrogacy 433 8.Conclusion 434 Acknowledgements 435 Chapter 15 The Wages of Crying Wolf: A Comment on Roe v. Wade 437 Chapter 16 Finding Abortion Rights in the Constitution 471 1.Was Roe Rightly Decided? 473 2.The “Judicial Restraint” Objection 473 3.“Legislators and Not Judges Should Decide” 474 4.“The Right to Privacy Is Not in the Constitution’s Text” 476 5.The Meaning of the Liberty Clause 477 6.“Incorporation” of the Bill of Rights 481 7.The Question of “Unenumerated” Rights 483 8.Deciding Which Rights Are Specially Protected 485 9.A “Right of Privacy”? 487 10.Does the Presence of a Fetus Automatically Negate the “Private” Character of the Abortion Decision? 491 11.At How Specific a Level Must “Rights” Be Defined? 495 12.Privacy: Who Decides Whether to Terminate a Pregnancy? 497 13.Equality: Abortion Rights and Sex Discrimination 501 14.The “Original Understanding” of the Framers 502 15.Judicial Legislation? 505 16.What’s at Stake? 507 Chapter 17 The Genesis of Liberalized Abortion in New York: A Personal Insight 511 Chapter 18 The Medical and Research Uses of Human Fetal Tissues 519 1.Research and Transplantation Involving Human Fetal Tissue 519 2.Clinical Experience with Fetal Tissue Transplantation 520 3.Fetal Transplants to Replace the Thymus 520 4.Transplantation of Fetal Pancreatic Tissue 521 5.Transplantation of Fetal Neural Tissue 522 6.Special Properties, Advantages and Alternatives to the Use of Fetal Tissue 523 7.Other Research Involving the Fetus 523 8.Social and Political Issues in Fetal Tissue Research 524 9.Filling a Moral Vacuum 525 10.The Future 525 11.Editors’ Note and Update 525 Chapter 19 D&E Abortion Bans: The Implications of Banning the Most Common Second-Trimester Procedure 531 Chapter 20 Late Abortion: Clinical and Ethical Issues 537 1.Methods of Performing Late Abortion 541 2.Fetal Abnormality or Genetic Disorder 543 3.Zika 545 4.Abortion Denied 547 5.Ethical Issues in Late Abortion 549 6.Limited Availability of Late Abortion Services 551 7.Conclusion 554 About the Editors 557 Appendix A. An Overview of State Abortion Laws 559 Appendix B. Opinion of Justice Blackmun for the Court in Roe v. Wade (1973) 567 Appendix C. Opinion of Justice Blackmun for the Court in Doe v. Bolton (1973) 599 Appendix D. Concurring Opinion of Justice Douglas in Doe v. Bolton (1973) 617 Appendix E. Concurring Opinion of Chief Justice Burger in Doe v. Bolton (1973) 627 Appendix F. Concurring Opinion of Justice Stewart in Roe v. Wade (1973) 629 Appendix G. Dissenting Opinion of Justice White in Doe v. Bolton (1973) 633 Appendix H. Dissenting Opinion of Justice Rehnquist in Roe v. Wade (1973) 635 Appendix I. Opinion of Justice O’Connor in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) 641 Appendix J. Opinion of Justice Blackmun in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) 675 Appendix K. Dissenting Opinion of Chief Justice Rehnquist in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) 681 Appendix L. Opinion of Justice Breyer for the Court in Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016) 693 Appendix M. Concurring Opinion of Chief Justice Roberts in June Medical Services LLC v. Russo (2020) 711 Appendix N. Opinion of Justice Bertha Wilson in Morgentaler v. The Queen (1998) 723 Appendix O. Amicus Curiae Brief of Americans United for Life Filed in June Medical Services LLC v. Russo (2020) 743 Appendix P. CDC Abortion Surveillance 759 Appendix Q. Excerpts from CDC Guidance for the Prenatal Diagnosis of Zika Infection and the Management of Infants with Zika 805
