Cell Injury: Mechanisms, Responses, and Therapeutics, Volume 1066

When cells are damaged, as often occurs during trauma and metabolic stress, a highly evolved cell healing process follows that was designed to enhance cell survival or remove irreparably injured cells. Following injury, cells attempt to seal breaks in their membranes, chaperone removal or refolding of altered proteins, repair damaged DNA, or if necessary commit to programmed cell death.

When cell injury is too extensive to permit reparative responses, acute cellular necrosis or apoptosis c...