Decommissioned Submarines in the Russian Northwest: Assessing and Eliminating Risks

Until the late 1970s, most commercial power plant operators outside the United States adopted a spent fuel management policy of immediate reprocessing and recycling of recovered products. In response to rising reprocessing prices, decreasing values of re­ covered products, concerns over proliferation risks, and a belief in the favorable eco­ nomics of direct disposal, many utilities have since opted to store spent fuel on an in­ terim basis pending the availability of direct disposal facili...