Ecosystems: Functions, Sustainability and Management

Ecosystems are communities made of biotic and abiotic components, which interact within the system through energy flows and nutrient cycles. Ecosystems are complex as they involve interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment. The functioning of an ecosystem is affected by its biodiversity. Anthropogenic activities have a significant influence on the environment. Climate change, environmental pollution, biodiversity loss, soil degradation, microplastics pollutio...