Espionage in the Ancient World: An Annotated Bibliography of Books and Articles in Western Languages

Intelligence activities have always been an integral part of statecraft. Ancient governments, like modern ones, realized that to keep their borders safe, control their populations, and keep abreast of political developments abroad, they needed a means to collect the intelligence which enabled them to make informed decisions. Today we are well aware of the damage spies can do.

Here, for the first time, is a comprehensive guide to the literature of ancient intelligence. The entries present bo...