General Principles and Etiology

In less than 40 years teratology has grown from a little known discipline concerned with studies on the effects of a few physical and chemical stresses on developing fish, amphibians, and birds, to a discipline embracing a vast accumulation of literature on experimental studies in many animal forms­ and the results of intensive scrutiny of human development under varied conditions, as well. Emphasis has shifted from preoccupation with descrip­ tions of anatomical defects to concern about su...