Perinatal Physiology

by Uwe Stave (Editor)

Overview

Living Nature, not dull Art Shall plan my ways and rule my heart -Cardinal Newman Nature and Art 1868 One of the ineluctable consequences of growth in any field of science is that subjects of inquiry once established tend to give birth to subsubjects and that the subsubjects once established will in time undergo further mitotic division. Not so many years ago, problems surrounding the ietus and newly born infant lay in a realm almost to be described as a "no-man's land." Obstetricians properly gave major consideration to understanding and learning about processes and disorders concerned with maternal health and safety. The welfare of the infant was regarded as of secondary importance. Pediatricians on their part hesitated to invade the nursery, a sanctum regarded as belonging to the domain of the accoucheur. And the pathologist, enveloped in the mysteries of life and death in the adult, found scant tim~ for the neonate and the placenta.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781468423181
Publisher:	Springer US
Publication date:	03/17/2012
Edition description:	Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1978
Pages:	851
Product dimensions:	7.44(w) x 9.69(h) x 0.07(d)

Table of Contents

I: Growth and Physiologic Changes at Birth.- 1: Intrauterine Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Growth and Maturation.- 3. Components of Fetal Growth.- 4. The Placenta.- 5. Perinatal Mortality in Relation to Fetal Growth and Maturation.- 6. References.- 2: The Placenta: An Overview.- 1. Introduction.- 2. “Growth and Development” of the Placenta.- 3. Placental Metabolism.- 4. Endocrine Functions.- 5. Immunologic Functions.- 6. Placental Transport.- 7. The Fetal “Parasite”.- 8. Maternal-Placental-Fetal Interaction.- 9. References.- 3: Maturation, Adaptation, and Tolerance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Maturation.- 3. Adaptation.- 4. Stimulation.- 5. Birth Stress and Tolerance.- 6. Perspectives.- 7. References.- 4: Postnatal Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Velocity.- 3. Length.- 4. Body Weight.- 5. Other Patterns.- 6. Norms.- 7. The Infant of Low Birth Weight (ILB).- 8. Addendum: Normative Growth Data References.- 9. References.- 5: The Skeleton.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Weight of the Total Osseous Skeleton in Relation to Age.- 3. Length of Long Limb Bones.- 4. Density of Long Limb Bones.- 5. Percentage Ash Weight of the Total Skeleton and Its Parts.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- II: Respiration, Circulation, and Blood.- 6: Respiration and the Respiratory System.- 1. Fetal Respiration.- 2. Development of the Fetal Respiratory System.- 3. Initiation of Respiration at Birth.- 4. Maintenance of Breathing after Birth.- 5. References.- 7: Lung Maturity and Pulmonary Phospholipid Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Substrate Utilization in the Lung.- 3. Phospholipid Composition.- 4. The Choline Pathway.- 5. The Methylation Pathway.- 6. The Lysolecithin Pathway.- 7. Phosphatidylglycerol.- 8. Enzymatic Regulation.- 9. Clinical Considerations.- 10. Glucocorticosteroids and Fetal Lung Metabolism.- 11. Questions and Perspectives.- 12. References.- 8: The Fetal Circulation and Its Alteration at Birth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fetal Circulation.- 3. Neonatal Circulation.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- 9: Blood Volume.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Blood Volume in the Pregnant Woman.- 3. Circulatory Alterations in the Placenta.- 4. Placental Transfusion.- 5. Blood Volume in Newly Born Infants.- 6. Special Clinical Considerations.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- 10: Formed Elements of Human Blood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of Blood Cells in the Fetus.- 3. Erythrocytes.- 4. Leukocytes.- 5. Platelets.- 6. References.- 11: The Hemoglobins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hematopoiesis in the Human Embryo and Fetus.- 3. Hemoglobin—Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects.- 4. Hemoglobin Types in Man.- 5. Ontogeny of Human Hemoglobin.- 6. Future Outlook.- 7. References.- 12: Respiratory Gas Transport Characteristics of Blood and Hemoglobin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Oxygen Transport.- 3. Carbon Dioxide Transport.- 4. References.- 13: Blood Coagulation Factors and Fibrinolysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Current Concepts of the Mechanism of Hemostasis.- 3. Coagulation Factors and Fibrinolysis in the Fetus.- 4. Coagulation Factors and Fibrinolysis in the Premature Infant.- 5. Coagulation Factors and Fibrinolysis in the Full-Term Newborn.- 6. Transitory Deficiencies of the Coagulation Factors in the Newborn.- 7. Hereditary Deficiencies of the Coagulation Factors.- 8. References.- 14: Maturation of Cellular and Humoral Immunity.- 1. Introduction: Antibody-Mediated Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 2. Identification of T and B Lymphocytes.- 3. Development of T and B Lymphocytes in the Fetus.- 4. Human Immunoglobulins.- 5. Immunoglobulins in Pregnant Women.- 6. Immunoglobulins in Fetal Blood.- 7. Development of the Postnatal Immunoglobulin Pattern.- 8. Immunoparalysis and Immune Tolerance.- 9. References.- III: Metabolism.- 15: Digestion and Absorption.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structural Development of the Digestive Tract.- 3. Motility of the Digestive Tract.- 4. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates.- 5. Digestion and Absorption of Protein.- 6. Digestion and Absorption of Lipids.- 7. Absorption of Minerals and Vitamins.- 8. References.- 16: Nutrition of the Newborn.- 1. Fetal Nutrition.- 2. Experimental Intrauterine Growth Retardation.- 3. Neonatal Nutrition.- 4. Late Effects of Early Nutrition.- 5. References.- 17: Carbohydrate Metabolism and the Regulation of Blood Glucose.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of Metabolic Pathways.- 3. Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. References.- 18: Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Fetus.- 3. The Premature Infant.- 4. The Full-Term Infant.- 5. References.- 19: Lipids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fatty Acids.- 3. Neutral Fat (Triglycerides or Triacylglycerols).- 4. Phospholipids.- 5. Cholesterol.- 6. Adipose Tissue.- 7. Regulatory Factors.- 8. Perspectives.- 9. Conclusions.- 10. References.- 20: Functions and Metabolism of Trace Elements.- 1. Introduction and Background.- 2. Perinatal Metabolism of Trace Elements.- 3. Functions of Individual Essential Trace Elements with Special.- Reference to the Perinatal Period.- 4. Interactions of Trace Elements.- 5. References.- 21: Heat Production and Temperature Regulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Heat Production.- 3. Heat Exchange with the Environment.- 4. Regulation of Body Temperature.- 5. Ontogenetic and Adaptive Alterations in the Thermoregulatory System.- 6. Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects.- 7. References.- 22: Liver Enzymes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Growth, Structure, and Composition of the Liver in the Perinatal Period..- 3. Enzyme Activities and Metabolic Potentials.- 4. Enzyme Development.- 5. Initiation of Enzyme Formation in the Perinatal Period.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 23: Bilirubin Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Bilirubin Metabolism.- 3. Bilirubin Metabolism in the Fetus.- 4. Bilirubin Metabolism in the Neonate.- 5. Pathologic Hyperbilirubinemia in the Neonate.- 6. Prevention of Bilirubin Encephalopathy.- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.- 24: Development of the Ornithine-Urea Cycle.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Concentrations of Urea in the Fetus and the Fetal Fluids.- 3. Overall Synthesis of Urea by the Human Fetal Liver.- 4. Development of the Urea Cycle Enzymes in the Human Liver.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.- 25: Hepatic Drug Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mechanisms of Drug Transport and Metabolism.- 3. Perinatal Drug Metabolism and Excretion.- 4. Clinical Pharmacology of Perinatal Hepatic Drug Metabolism.- 5. References.- IV: Body Fluids and Renal Function.- 26: Electrolyte and Water Metabolism.- 1. The Fetal Fluids.- 2. Changes in Body Water Compartments and Electrolyte Contents During Growth:.- 3. Body Fluid Homeostasis in the Newborn.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 27: The Kidney.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Technical Problems of Studying Perinatal Renal Function.- 3. Anatomic Maturation of the Mammalian Kidney.- 4. Renal Hemodynamics in the Perinatal Kidney.- 5. Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Perinatal Animal.- 6. Tubular Transport in the Perinatal Kidney.- 7. Excretion of Sodium by the Perinatal Kidney.- 8. Excretion and Conservation of Water in the Perinatal Kidney.- 9. Acid Excretion by the Perinatal Kidney.- 10. Summary and Conclusions.- 11. References.- 28: Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Antenatal Period.- 3. The Postnatal Period.- 4. Summary.- 5. References.- V: The Neuromuscular System.- 29: Physiology and Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brain Constituents.- 3. The Blood-Brain Barrier.- 4. Metabolism.- 5. Electrophysiologic Activity.- 6. Pharmacology of the Neonate.- 7. References.- 30: Function of the Nervous System During Prenatal Life.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background of the Investigations of Human Fetal Activity.- 3. Effects of Anoxia, Asphyxia, Narcotics, and Anesthetics on Fetal Reflexes..- 4. Significance of Different Types of Stimuli.- 5. Theories on the Development of Fetal Behavior.- 6. Determination of Fetal Age.- 7. First Reflexes Elicited by Exteroceptive Stimulation: Contralateral Total Pattern Flexion Reflexes.- 8. Ipsilateral Total Pattern Flexion Reflexes.- 9. Classification of Reflexes as Negative and Positive Reactions.- 10. Pathways and Areas Involved in the Total Pattern Reflexes.- 11. Characteristics of Reflexes from 8.5 to 10 Weeks of Menstrual Age (26.0–41.0 mm CR).- 12. Development of Head and Trunk Extension Reflexes.- 13. Development of Local Reflexes in Response to Stimulation of the Face...- 14. Mouth-Opening and -Closing Reflexes at 11 Weeks of Menstrual Age and Later.- 15. Tongue Movements.- 16. Swallowing Reflexes.- 17. Gag Reflexes.- 18. Lip Movements and Sucking.- 19. Respiratory Reflexes.- 20. Crying.- 21. Reflexes Associated with the Eyes.- 22. Reflexes Elicited by Stimulation of the Genital and Anal Regions.- 23. Tonic Neck Reflexes.- 24. Extremity Reflexes.- 25. Sequence of Development of Sensitivity to Light Touch.- 26. Other Types of General Sensation.- 27. Special Senses During Intrauterine Life.- 28. Closing Comments.- 29. References.- 31: Neonatal Brain Mechanisms and the Development of Motor Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves.- 3. The Rhombencephalic Reticular Formation and the Neuronal Control of Breathing.- 4. The Vestibular System and the Nucleus Ruber.- 5. The Cerebellum.- 6. The Basal Ganglia.- 7. The Cerebral Motor Cortex.- 8. Clinical Applications.- 9. Perspectives.- 10. References.- 32: Biochemistry of Muscle Development.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Myogenesis.- 3. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis.- 4. Muscle Proteins.- 5. Water and Electrolytes.- 6. Peptides and Amino Acids.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- 33: The Autonomic Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Control of Cardiac Function.- 3. Peripheral Vascular Regulation.- 4. Pulmonary Vascular Regulation.- 5. The Cardiorespiratory Unit and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- 34: The Visual System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Visual Function.- 3. Retinal Development.- 4. Lower and Central Visual Pathways.- 5. Ocular Motility.- 6. Intraocular Pressure.- 7. The Pupil.- 8. The Lacrimal System.- 9. Refractive State.- 10. Summary.- 11. References.- 35: The Auditory Response.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fetal Auditory Response.- 3. Neonatal Auditory Response.- 4. Clinical Aspects.- 5. References.- 36: Morphological and Functional Development of the Skin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Morphology and Embryology of Neonatal Skin.- 3. Physiology of Fetal Skin.- 4. Physiology of Neonatal Skin.- 5. Physiology of the Dermis.- 6. Cutaneous Immunity.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- VI: The Endocrine System.- 37: Steroid Hormone Formation and Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Onset of Functional Capability in the Fetal Adrenal.- 3. Steroid Metabolism in the Perfused Previable Fetus at Midterm.- 4. Placental Contribution to the Metabolism of Steroids.- 5. The Maternal Compartment.- 6. Function of the Fetal Adrenal Cortex.- 7. Control of Fetal Adrenal Secretion.- 8. Adrenal Function in the Neonatal Period.- 9. Conclusion.- 10. References.- 38: The Anterior Lobe of the Hypophysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Human Growth Hormone (HGH).- 3. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH).- 4. Thyrotropin (TSH).- 5. Gonadotropins.- 6. Prolactin (PRL).- 7. Summary.- 8. References.- 39: Insulin and Glucagon.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Synopsis of Insulin and Glucagon Secretion and Action.- 3. Embryonic Development of the Endocrine Pancreas.- 4. Metabolic Effects of Insulin in Utero.- 5. Glucagon in the Fetus.- 6. Insulin and Glucagon in the Immediate Neonatal Period.- 7. Infants of Diabetic Mothers.- 8. Transient Hypoglycemia in Premature and Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants.- 9. Transient Diabetes of the Newborn.- 10. Erythroblastosis Fetalis.- 11. Conclusions.- 12. References.- 40: Thyroid Hormones.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Maternal Thyroid Function.- 3. Development of the Fetal Thyroid.- 4. Fetal-Maternal Relationships.- 5. Neonatal Thyroid Function.- 6. Neonatal Thyroid Pathology.- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.