Plant Physiological Ecology: Field methods and instrumentation

capable of providing at least a relative measure of stomatal aperture were first used shortly thereafter (Darwin and Pertz, 1911). The Carnegie Institution of Washington's Desert Research Laboratory in Tucson from 1905 to 1927 was the first effort by plant physiologists and ecologists to conduct team research on the water relations of desert plants. Measurements by Sker in the North African deserts and Indonesia (Sker, 1928, 1935) and by Lundegardh (1922) in forest understories were pioneer...