Reference Systems and Electrochemical Cells: Basics Concepts with Resolved Questions and Problems

As a teacher of physical chemistry, I noticed that students, even in advanced classes, have difficulties in understanding the basics of redox chemistry. The quantification of redox quantities, such as potentials requires reference systems (or electrodes) for comparison. Section 4 discusses the importance of reference systems (or electrodes) in the determination of electrochemical quantities. Several reference electrodes with their standard potentials are provided, and the trends of redox po...